The Tomba I
created in AMA is a completely fictional character, though I did base his story
in part on that of his illustrious namesake. MH
Link to information about the original Captain
Tomba.
Hugh Thomas
describes Tomba's case as ". . . a rare example of an African ruler seeking
to prevent or at least to resist the slave trade; but the alliance of a
few villages formed by this individual - Tomba, a Baga - failed, and he was
himself swept into slavery." (The Slave Trade, p. 339)
P. E. H.
Hair thinks it unlikely that ". . . slaves ever condemned the
institutions of enslavement in Africa (without abolitionist prompting); and also
[that] the institutions were ever condemned within African communities."
(The Atlantic Slave Trade and Black Africa)
Patrick
Manning writes, " Slaves resisted their degradation not only morally,
through religion, but physically. Free persons resisted capture. Those captured
and shipped to the New World revolted with predictable regularity, and revolts
of slaves in Africa took place wherever they were gathered in large numbers: for
instance, a wave of slave revolts rippled along the West African coast in the
1850s . . ." and elsewhere, "I have chosen to focus on the negative,
narrowing, and discouraging effects which slavery may have had on African
thought. Perhaps there was another side as well. There must have been, among the
slaves, valiant determination to defend their families, struggles to achieve
some autonomy, or efforts to overcome on a spiritual plane the hopelessness of
their material existence. Still, I am left with the impression that they
had to live each day as if it were their last." (Slavery and African
Life, Cambridge, 1990, 117, 125)
There seem to
be few records of slave revolts on African soil. That might be because
there were few such revolts.
There is of
course, another possibility, that many revolts did occur and were never
recorded, for oral history records the victories of kings, not the desperate
acts of those deprived of their liberty.
There is at
least one relevant piece of circumstantial evidence, the fact that on the way to
the coast, the slaves were hobbled and shackled. The slavers' intention would
certainly have been to prevent escape; but it might also have been to prevent
revolt.
Paul Lovejoy
mentions the Asante "government decision to shift slaves away from the
capital territory after 1810 in order to avoid the dangers of slave
uprisings." (Caravans of Kola: Hausa Kola Trade 1700-1900, OUP)
While it seems
unlikely that historians will be able to discover much evidence of slave revolts
within Africa, slave revolts on board ship are another matter.
For more information attend the conference Fighting Back: African Strategies Against the Slave Trade.